This volume brings together a series of scholarly studies examining the social composition and origins of fascist movements across Europe. By analysing who joined fascist parties and why, the contributors aim to move beyond ideological definitions and instead focus on the social realities underlying fascist mobilisation. This book is a major comparative academic study of European fascism, focusing on the social backgrounds of its adherents rather than solely on ideology or leadership. The contributors analyse a wide range of national cases, including Italy, Germany (Nazism, NSDAP) and several smaller European countries (Belgium, Switserland, Austria, Easter-European countries, Scandinavian countries, etc.), using empirical data such as membership records, occupational profiles and electoral support. The central question concerns the social roots of fascism: which classes, professions and demographic groups were most represented within fascist movements. The studies challenge simplistic interpretations that reduce fascism to a single class phenomenon, showing instead a complex coalition that could include lower middle classes, rural populations, veterans and segments of the working class. By combining political sociology, history and comparative methodology, the book situates fascism within broader processes such as modernisation, crisis of liberal democracy and social dislocation in interwar Europe. It remains a key reference in the academic debate on the nature and support base of fascist regimes.